I suspect this movie would have been more effective if it had it remained entirely in the past, especially given all we know. The Debt, by contrast, explores nothing, preferring to stake out positions through stock characters declaiming expository dialogue. He was further disheartened by Rachels admission that she would continue propagating the lie to protect those closest to her, particularly her daughter. New arrivals that were judged able to work were admitted into the camp, while those deemed unsuitable for labor were sent to the gas chambers. The Debt | Christianity Today Most recently, in the 2010 filmThe Debt(directed by John Madden), we hear the fictional Nazi Dieter Vogel, known also as the "Surgeon of Birkenau," insidiously proclaim: "You Jews never knew how to kill, only how to die. It details how she shot their captured target, Dieter Vogel, otherwise known as the "Surgeon of Birkenau," when he attacked her and tried to escape. [34] As part of his duties, Mengele made weekly visits to the hospital barracks and ordered any prisoners who had not recovered after two weeks in bed to be sent to the gas chambers. [84] Irene Mengele and the family in Gnzburg also alleged that he had died. There he temporarily entrusted his incriminating documents to a nurse with whom he had struck up a relationship. [67] He eventually escaped from Germany on 17 April 1949,[68][69] convinced that his capture would mean a trial and death sentence. Origin [57] Mengele sought out pregnant women, on whom he would perform experiments before sending them to the gas chambers. Within several weeks, the fallopian tubes grew shut and were blocked. Thirty years later, the secrets the Agents share come back to haunt them. Contribution to Auschwitz-Birkenau Foundation, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. AI Singers Are Unnervingly Good and Already Ubiquitous, Liveblogging the 2023 Met Gala Red Carpet. Historian of Nazi Germany At the Block No. He next worked as a salesman for his family's farm equipment company, Karl Mengele & Sons, and in 1951 he began making frequent trips to Paraguay as a regional sales representative. Stephan investigates and finds that Dieter Vogel is apparently alive in a hospital in Kyiv, Ukraine, and will be interviewed by a journalist. Nazi-Thriller The Debt Is Both Absurd and Gripping - Vulture "At a time when Ahmadinejad's Iran regularly denies the Holocaust and anti-Semitism and hatred of Jews is back in vogue, this acquisition is especially significant", he said. Laurie Sparham/Focus Features You see, the punch line spoiler alert is that the threesome didnt actually kill Vogel, as they told Israel and the world. The interactions between Rachel and Vogel surely show the most dramatic tension ever established while knicker-free and in gynecological stirrups. [10] He attended the University of Bonn, where he took his medical preliminary examination. Concertgoer Allegedly Orgasms While L.A. Philharmonic Plays Tchaikovskys 5th, Melanie Lynskey, Seth Meyers, and More Support WGA Amid Negotiations. It does not include images; to avoid copyright violations, you must add them manually, following our guidelines. [42] The twin research was in part intended to prove the supremacy of heredity over the environment in determining phenotypes and thus strengthen the Nazi premise of the genetic superiority of the Aryan race. Vogel is found. The Debt is adapted by British screenwriter Matthew Vaughn (with Jane Goldman and Peter Straughan) from the award-winning 2007 movie Hahov, which probed the morality of Mossad's pursuit of escaped Nazis a tender topic for the State of Israel and for Jews worldwide ever since the abduction and prosecution of Adolf Eichmann. Usually painful and exhausting, these examinations lasted for hours and were a difficult experience for starved, terrified children (for such were the majority of the twins). He performed deadly experiments on prisoners at the Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp, where he was a member of the team of doctors who selected victims to be killed in the gas chambers, [a] and was one of the doctors who administered the gas. Elias story in Bernard Edinger, Claude Lanzmann Does it Again, The Jerusalem Report, (January 22, 2018). That is the question posed by The Debt, in which actors feign Israeli accents with varying degrees of success and attempt to tell a story that, while visceral and heartfelt in the Hebrew version, turns comparatively superficial and supercilious in the American one. Terms of Service apply. Yet the movie's feverish hyper-plotting and grandiloquent overacting deplete all efforts at gravitas. Freevees new series will determine whos the greatest reality-TV contestant across. Dieter Vogel | Villains Wiki | Fandom Part of Block No. Kremer ordered most of them killed by phenol injection. They succeed in the abduction, but fail in bringing him to the west side. The film switches back and forth from the present day, as Rachel struggles with David's death and the secret that has weighed on her for decades, and 1966, as Rachel, David and Stephan (portrayed in their younger years by Jessica Chastain, Sam Worthington and Marton Csokas) carry out their mission to get Vogel. Yet they carried out a daring mission: They captured and killed Dieter Vogel (Jesper Christensen), known to the world as the Surgeon of Birkenau, a man who committed almost unbelievable. Well, that is where the anomaly lay. While the psychological depth of the older characters is deftly portrayed, Chastain as the young Rachel is too much of an incomprehensible cipher to carry a story of this weight. Plenty of gripping action and suspense as a young Mossad team are assigned to kidnap Dieter Vogel, the notorious 'The Surgeon of Birkenau" (Jesper Christensen - Mr White in the Craig Bond . Laurie Sparham/Focus Features The Surgeon of BirkenauVogelDr. [83][91] He stayed with Gerhard on his farm near So Paulo until a more permanent accommodation could be found, which came about with Hungarian expatriates Gza and Gitta Stammer. . As she limps from the asylum, Rachel's note is discovered and read by the journalist. Two decades after Germany's defeat, as the legend goes, the three brought to book a notorious Nazi living large in East Berlin. The cinematography by Ben Davis is un-flashy but fluid; the editing by Alexander Berner perfectly judged. He served in this capacity at the gas chambers located in crematoria IV and V.[39], When an outbreak of nomaa gangrenous bacterial disease of the mouth and facestruck the Romani camp in 1943, Mengele initiated a study to determine the cause of the disease and develop a treatment. Type of Villain This process was repeated until all of the barracks were disinfected. To kill Rachel and her Mossad team (failed).To escape from them much as he can for deny his terrible war crimes against humanity (failed). This latter disease,widespread in theso-called Roma Family Camp,where Mengele had had a laboratory, had been previously almost unknown in Europe. See our full guidelines for more information, and this guide for detail about canonical URLs. By submitting your email, you agree to our Terms and Privacy Policy and to receive email correspondence from us. The best geopolitical thrillers to watch Photo: Laurie Sparham/?Miramax Film Corp. All Rights Reserved. [16], On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Schnbein, whom he had met while working as a medical resident in Leipzig. Now Rachel must travel to Kyiv to conclude what they should have done 30 years ago. [106] Other aliases used by Mengele in his later life included "Dr. Fausto Rindn" and "S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu". Sam Worthington as the young David meshes believably with Hinds as the older version of himself, and the fiery performance of Marton Csokas as the young Stefan (looking like a younger and even angrier Russell Crowe) outshines even Academy Award nominee Wilkinson. Rachel Singer (Dame Helen Mirren), Sarah's father Stephan Gold (Tom Wilkinson), who is paralytic in a wheelchair, and David Peretz (Ciarn Hinds), who is missing, are retired and Rachel is uncomfortable with the lie with which they have been living. The German physicians who ran SS and Wehrmacht medical institutions, along with medical personnel at lower levels, participated actively in carrying out Nazi extermination plans. [c] The Stammers later bought a bungalow in the Eldorado neighborhood of Diadema, So Paulo, which they rented out to Mengele. At her third appointment, Rachel injects Vogel with a sedative during an examination and induces the nurse (Vogel's wife) to believe that he has suffered a heart attack. . Similar procedures were used for later epidemics of scarlet fever and other diseases, with infected prisoners being killed in the gas chambers. The men are plainly awed by their sculpted, long-limbed female colleague, whom they must deliver to the medical office of Vogel, working incognito as a Think of the worst place on earth for a Jewish woman to be a patient, even a pretend patient. Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis on JSTOR Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, The Vrba-Wetzler Report (Auschwitz Protocols), Nazis Planned to Move Auschwitz Gas Chambers to Mauthausen, Testimony of Engineer Kurt Prufer on Crematorium Design, Testimony of Engineer Fritz Sander on Crematorium Design, Testimony of Engineer Karl Schultze on Crematorium Design, House Resolution Commemorating Liberation of Auschwitz, Senate Resolution Commemorating Liberation of Auschwitz, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon Speech At Birkenau, Address by Prime Minister Rabin at Auschwitz, U.S. These are the staples of the typical James Bond film, and seem to be what film audiences want out of a European-based thriller. The SS physicians who carried out pseudo-medical experiments in Auschwitz included: Carl Clauberg experimented with sterilization in the camp. [54] Nyiszli recalled one occasion on which Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night by injecting their hearts with chloroform. He was forced to return to work without painkillers. [83], Mengele's name was mentioned several times during the Nuremberg trials in the mid-1940s, but the Allied forces believed that he was probably already dead. This email will be used to sign into all New York sites. There's nothing intrinsically sacrilegious or vulgar about framing a Holocaust story as a thriller. The agents are left with no choice but to bring Vogel to their apartment and plan a new extraction. If you are going to edit a lot, then make yourself a user and login. In an article that he sent to Himmler in April 1944, titled The Effect of X-Ray Radiation on the human Reproductive Glands, Schumann expressed a preference for surgical castration, as being quicker and more certain. Following his recovery, he was transferred to the headquarters of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office in Berlin, at which point he resumed his association with VonVerschuer, who was now director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics. At great risk, and at considerable personal cost, the team's mission was accomplished--or was it? Nicholas D. D'Angelo, an attorney from Niagara County, will serve six months in jail and also will be placed on sex offender probation for 10 . [105] His body was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose identification Mengele had been using since 1971. They have been sent to track down and kidnap Nazi war criminal Dieter Vogel, the "Surgeon of Birkenau", played by Bond baddie Jesper Christensen. They conducted criminal medical experiments on prisoners and committed other acts that violated medical ethics. Schumann applied various intensities at various intervals in his search for the optimal dose of radiation. Because it flips between two eras, two people play each character: one older and one younger version of the same person. Clauberg developed a method of non-surgical mass sterilization that consisted of introducing into the female reproductive organs a specially prepared chemical irritant that produced sever inflammation. [3] His medical procedures showed no consideration for the victims' health, safety, or physical and emotional suffering. Assisted by a network of former SS members, he used the ratline to travel to Genoa, where he obtained a passport from the International Committee of the Red Cross under the alias "Helmut Gregor", and sailed to Argentina in July 1949. The SS doctors did not administer treatment to the Auschwitz inmates but supervised the activities of inmate doctors who had been forced to work in the camp medical service. [94], Meanwhile, Zvi Aharoni, one of the Mossad agents who had been involved in the Eichmann capture, was placed in charge of a team of agents tasked with tracking down Mengele and bringing him to trial in Israel. This stuff plays to the strength of cinema, underlining the details of each strategy and the dangers it involves. Pegulas fight to heal and rehabilitate from a brain injury suffered after a cardiac arrest last June has been one that is long and largely private. An elderly Vogel dies after having a poisoned syringe plunged into his back, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Mengele was born into a Catholic family[5] in Gnzburg, Bavaria on 16 March 1911, the eldest of three sons of Walburga (ne Hupfauer) and Karl Mengele. [13] His thesis on the subject earned him a cum laude doctorate in medicine (MD) from the University of Frankfurt in 1938. They are David (Sam Worthington), Rachel Singer (Jessica Chastain, of "The Tree of Life") and Stefan (Marton Csokas). Several hundred Jewish women from various countries lived in two large rooms on the second floor of the building. Image by Focus Features. [112] He insisted as late as 1985 that Mengele was still alivesix years after he had diedhaving previously offered a reward of US$100,000 (equivalent to $300,000 in 2021) in 1982 for the fugitive's capture. In no time, its apparent that Vogels will to live is diabolical, and that even the mighty Mossad is overmatched. Claubergs experiments killed some of his subjects, and others were put to death so that autopsies could be performed. A teacher working in theSpringville Griffith Institute School District was charged Friday with possessing child pornography. [14] (Both of his degrees were revoked by the issuing universities in the 1960s. The Auschwitz doctor who couldn't 'do no harm' - BBC Future [4] Many of his victims were dispatched to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons were sent to Berlin for further analysis. At a publishing ceremony, Rachel, her cheek conspicuously scarred, is asked to read aloud the chapter in which she and Vogel have their final, bloody confrontation a task she performs dutifully but with evident discomfort. Most of the camp medical records had already been destroyed by the SS[62][63] by the time the Red Army liberated Auschwitz on 27 January. In June 1943, Clauberg wrote to Heinrich Himmler: Like Clauberg, Horst Schumann was searching for a convenient means of mass sterilization that would enable the Third Reich to carry out the biological destruction of conquered nations by scientific methods through depriving people of their reproductive capacity. Mirren has the actors gift of appropriating dialogue as though it were truly her own. [79] Along with several other doctors, he was questioned in 1958 on suspicion of practicing medicine without a license when a teenage girl died after an abortion, but he was released without charge. [85] Working in West Germany, Nazi hunters Simon Wiesenthal and Hermann Langbein collected information from witnesses about Mengele's wartime activities. If you replay the actual events in your mind, you realize all the suspense is created with editing, camera angles and POV. Turns out she needs that Krav Maga, too: Vogel, nicely played by Danish actor Jesper Christensen, is a piece of work straight out of a Boys' Own World War II comic. 'The Debt': History's Burden, And A Moral Calculus : NPR But this was a lie. This research was still ongoing when the Romani camp was liquidated and its remaining occupants killed in 1944. In East Berlin, during the Cold War, they killed Dieter Vogel (Jesper Christensen), aka the Surgeon of Birkenau, infamous for his Dr. Mengele-like experiments on Jews. [61], Along with several other Auschwitz doctors, Mengele transferred to Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Lower Silesia on 17 January 1945, taking with him two boxes of specimens and the records of his experiments at Auschwitz. [103], Mengele's health had been steadily deteriorating since 1972. Their inquiries in Paraguay revealed no clues to his whereabouts, and they were unable to intercept any correspondence between Mengele and his wife Martha, who by this time was living in Italy. In 1965, I was part of a mission to kidnap Dieter Vogel, The Surgeon of Birkenau, and bring him to Israel to stand trial. Film considers time and space subjectively. [62] He and his unit then hurried west to avoid being captured by the Soviets, but were taken prisoners of war by the Americans in June 1945. [3], When a typhus epidemic began in the women's camp, Mengele cleared one block of six hundred Jewish women and sent them to their deaths in the gas chambers. [119], In 1992, DNA testing confirmed Mengele's identity beyond doubt,[120] but family members refused repeated requests by Brazilian officials to repatriate the remains to Germany. In 1965,Mossadagent Rachel Singer arrives inEast Berlinto meet with fellow agents David Peretz and Stefan Gold . But we might not be seeing everything. This is Thesecret1070. We meet Mirren's Rachel Singer in 1997, furrowing her brow while trying to look gracious at a Tel Aviv party for her beloved daughter Sarah (Romi Aboulafia), who's written a book lionizing her mother's career. Rachel refutes Stefan's explanation, recalling an encounter with David a day before his suicide, in which he revealed his shame about the lie and disclosed that he had spent years unsuccessfully searching the world for Vogel. Consider putting your feet in the stirrups for the Surgeon of Birkenau. [56] His experiments on dwarfs and people with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treatment with unnecessary drugs and X-rays. Unfortunately, the contrast between her skills and those of her younger version, Jessica Chastain, reflects poorly on the latter. Detlef Vogel - Wikipedia [29] The arrivals that were selected to die, about three-quarters of the total,[b] included almost all children, women with small children, pregnant women, all the elderly, and all of those who appeared (in a brief and superficial inspection by an SS doctor) to be not completely fit and healthy. The hangar doors of an airplane that has just landed open, revealing a woman and two men standing silently at the hatch. Helen Mirren co-stars as the present-day Rachel, still dealing with the legacy of the mission that made her famous and changed her life. The actors, particularly Chastain and Mirren in the show-off roles, are not merely superb: They also constitute the best-looking collection of shiksas and goys playing Jews that Ive ever seen. The Potential 2023 WGA Strike for Dummies. Their father was founder of the Karl Mengele & Sons company (later renamed as Mengele Agrartechnik[de]), which produced farming machinery. She refuses to acknowledge him, and he comments, looking straight into her eyes, "I forgot. The story deals with retired Mossad agents Rachel (Mirren), Stefan (Wilkinson) and David (Ciaran Hinds), and a 1965 mission that won them renown. [51], Twins were subjected to weekly examinations and measurements of their physical attributes by Mengele or one of his assistants. Amazon.com: The Debt : Sam Worthington, Helen Mirren, John Madden He is an evil and ruthless Nazi war criminal who got his nickname from his medical experimentson Jews during World War II in the times of the Holocaust. This film tells the story of the three agents. The violations go on and on: Vogel has seen inside her. Maybe the Israeli version (which I havent seen) had so much psychological resonance that you could overlook the absurdities to come, but The Debt, after a gripping first half, turns into one howler after another. Helen Mirren, Tom Wilkinson and Ciaran Hinds bring along the weight of their many earlier roles. [52] The experiments he performed on twins included unnecessary amputation of limbs, intentionally infecting one twin with typhus or some other disease, and transfusing the blood of one twin into the other. Every so often, several dozen Jewish men and women prisoners were brought in. "The Debt" weaves a tangled web of lies and deceptions around a seemingly heroic raid in 1965 carried out by three agents of Mossad, the Israeli intelligence agency known for more ability than it exhibits here. By Jordana Horn [9] In January 1937, he joined the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, where he worked for Otmar Freiherr vonVerschuer, a German geneticist with a particular interest in researching twins. A former Auschwitz inmate doctor said of Mengele: He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire And then, next to that, the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Prisoner doctors. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. All three have been venerated for decades by their country because of the mission that they undertook back in 1965, when the trio (Jessica Chastain, Marton Csokas, and Sam Worthington) tracked down Nazi war criminal Dieter Vogel (Jesper Christensen) in East Berlin. [79][80] When he returned to Argentina in September 1956, Mengele began living under his real name. He was hoping to track down Mengele so that he too could be brought to trial in Israel. On 7February 1979, while visiting his friends Wolfram and Liselotte Bossert in the coastal resort of Bertioga, Mengele suffered another stroke while swimming and drowned. Extensive forensic examination indicated with a high degree of probability that the body was indeed that of Josef Mengele. The patients were isolated in separate barracks and several afflicted children were killed so that their preserved heads and organs could be sent to the SS Medical Academy in Graz and other facilities for study. The film opens with the agents being welcomed on their return home to Israel. [49] Rolf Mengele later claimed that his father had shown no remorse for his wartime activities.[50]. SS physicians assigned to the concentration camps, including Auschwitz, played a special role. The Debt (2010) - Plot - IMDb In East Berlin, during the Cold War, they killed. Former pilot Hans-Ulrich Rudel put him in touch with the Nazi supporter Wolfgang Gerhard, who helped Mengele cross the border into Brazil. Then there's an ingenious operation, which I will not describe, to spirit him out of his clinic and into captivity. She leaves a note for the journalist and prepares to leave, but suddenly spots Vogel in his 80s by now among the other patients and follows him to an isolated area of the hospital. Powers / Skills SS Physicians Friedrich Entress, Helmuth Vetter and Eduard Wirths. In the original film, Gila Almagor played the lead female Mossad agent, and the inimitable Mirren is a worthy successor to Almagors prowess. Occupation To see is to believe. [20], Mengele joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the Schutzstaffel (SS; 'Protection Squadron') in 1938. [37] In contrast to most of the other SS doctors, who viewed selections as one of their most stressful and unpleasant duties, he undertook the task with a flamboyant air, often smiling or whistling. In 1965, three Mossad Agents cross into East Berlin to apprehend a notorious Nazi war criminal. [44], Mengele's research subjects were better fed and housed than the other prisoners, and temporarily spared from execution in the gas chambers. The Debt (2010) - Helen Mirren as Rachel Singer - IMDb He drowned in 1979 after suffering a stroke while swimming off the coast of Bertioga, and was buried under the false name of Wolfgang Gerhard. The subjects were photographed, plaster casts were made of their teeth and jaws, and their fingerprints and toeprints were taken. After a confrontation in which Vogel stabs her twice with scissors, Rachel kills Vogel by plunging a poisonedsyringeinto his back. In the first phase of his experiments, Mengele subjected pairs of twins and people with physical handicaps to special medical examinations that could be carried out on the living organism. 28 clinic in the main camp, he carried out assessments of prisoners attempting to gain admission to the hospital. The film jumps timelines between 1997 and 1965, when a trio of photogenic Mossad agents are tasked with capturing Dieter Vogel (Jesper Christiansen), a notorious Nazi officer, uncreatively. Genocidal Torturer, Psychological manipulationStrengthEvasionSkilled doctor at the times of WWIISkilled knifeman. There, we learn bit by deceptive bit what really happened to Vogel and his captors. The film falters at the very end, with an unnecessary and unlikely fight scene. And now, justice calls. Sure, the films most suspenseful moments are still there the moments when Rachel, pretending to be trying to conceive, visits the surgeon of Birkenau, now in hiding as a gynecologist practicing in East Berlin. [124] In 2011, a further 31 volumes of Mengele's diaries were soldagain amidst protestsby the same auction house to an undisclosed collector of World War II memorabilia for US$245,000. He initially lived in and around Buenos Aires, then fled to Paraguay in 1959 and Brazil in 1960, all while being sought by West Germany, Israel, and Nazi hunters such as Simon Wiesenthal, who wanted to bring him to trial. Helen Mirren and all of the others in this great film are fantastic. [88], In May 1960, Isser Harel, director of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, personally led the successful effort to capture Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires. Mengele also began selecting dwarves and persons with physical peculiarities (including inborn disabilities and the developmental defects that appear in dwarfism) from the Jewish transports brought to Birkenau for extermination, from the Jewish Theresienstadt Family Camp in Birkenau, and from the so-called Mexico (Sector BIII). What Shows Have Been Renewed or Canceled. In close collaboration with the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Genetics, and Eugenics, he studied the phenomena of twins, as well as the physiology and pathology of dwarfism. [3] A grant was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ('German Research Foundation'), at the request of VonVerschuer, who received regular reports and shipments of specimens from Mengele. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the SS in 1938. Also furrowing. The Surgeon of Birkenau (Jesper Christensen), in East Berlin. Rachel poses as a woman consulting the ex-Nazi gynecologist, who is now in Buenos Aries. [3][4] He was particularly interested in identical twins, people with heterochromia iridum (eyes of two different colors), dwarfs, and people with physical abnormalities. Trending in reviews - amazon.com Please use Chrome, Safari, Firefox, or Edge to view this site. The film catapults between the mission and the present, in which there is ambiguity as to whether or not the mission actually succeeded, and that ambiguity needs to be resolved. 5-Down, Eight Letters: Show that gave us New New York. Having furthered the extermination program in the concentration camps, they have gone down in history as medical criminals. Stefan also reveals to Rachel that David lost his entire family inThe Holocaust. The film meets its first hurdle of casting challenges well. Among the papers was a letter from Wolfram Bossert notifying Sedlmeier of Mengele's death. Dovid Braun is appointed YIVOs Academic Advisor in Yiddish. In scenes set in 1997, they will be played by Ciaran Hinds, Helen Mirren and Tom Wilkinson. He soon volunteered for medical service in the Waffen-SS, the combat arm of the SS, where he served with the rank of SS-Untersturmfhrer ('second lieutenant') in a medical reserve battalion until November 1940. Josef Mengele held a Ph.D. and a medical doctorate. When she was arrested on the ticket scheme, records show Danielle K. Bush was already on probation for another crime. [1] Vogel was a contributor to two volumes of the seminal work Germany and the Second World War from the MGFA. The Surgeon of Birkenau (Jesper Christensen), in East Berlin. [41] Mikls Nyiszli, a Hungarian Jewish pathologist who arrived in Auschwitz on 29 May 1944, performed dissections and prepared specimens for shipment in this laboratory. Was the "surgeon of Birkenau" really a surgeon?
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