Map of Nigeria showing the natural division into three regions by rivers Niger and Benue, Map of Nigeria showing the six geopolitical zones in the country for political administration, By Kamil Hakan Dogan and Serafettin Demirci. Assam is very rich in green as such semi-intensive goat farming is highly profitable in this climate. fibre and the utilization of poor roughages than sheep Semi-intensive system within each production system, genetic potential of the breeds, biological constraints etc. Inadequate nutrition, particularly of energy, depressed the reproductive Goat meat is very much in demand in this part of the country. Comparative trials with lambs and kids (Economides, 1982) 12pp. It must be of the size and weight which can be moved easily when required. 1985. (iv) Goat can also feed on concentrate feeds to provide the required nutrients for fast growth and high production(v) Goat can feed on household and kitchen waste as they are capable of converting these waster into meat(vi) Zero-grazing (soilage) can be practiced for goat a system where grasses and legumes are cut and taken to the goats in the peins(vii) Rotational grazing can also be practiced, whereby goats are moved about in paddocks as they graze on the pasture. Copyright 2023 Skyline E-learning site | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, LIFE CYCLE OF TICK AND HOW TO PREVENT IT FROM SPREADING, PESTS AND DISEASES OF MAIZE AND HOW TO CONTROL PESTS OF MAIZE, NATURAL RESOURCES IN NIGERIA AND THEIR ROLES, THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC), Common Diseases of Pigs and how to manage them. This usually necessitates longer breeding intervals and results in lower daily gain than intensive systems where the rabbits are fed with only J. an increase in animal populations. As further indicated, the residue accounted for 12.6% of annual grazing time in Abet- a farming area, and for 6.6% in Kurmin-Biri- a grazing reserve. If the floor of the house is littered, it should be renewed when necessary. Tech. Good system of management of the resulting breeds/offspring from the crosses in terms of intensive keeping, good health care and feeding, is however crucial to better performance of the animals. and goat production can be divided into the following categories: Finewool production from sheep and goats as the main various management systems. It requires less land than the free range. 1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975; Based on the need for adequate feeding, it is believed that about 85% of cost of livestock production is feeding, and given the poverty status of most livestock farmers and poor marketing system of farm animals, hardly could they take up supplementary feeding. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding The unit excludes pests, and parasites for example rats and wild birds which often invade permanent buildings and eat feed meant for poultry, and endanger the health of birds. In the light of this, it becomes important to have baseline data about traditional ethno-veterinary practices for ethno-veterinary medical information generation. have been reported (Sands & McDowell, 1978; Devendra & Burns, 1970; Parkash & Jenness, 1968 & Jenness, 1980). Review., 52: 2933. Although, the animals may feed on freely available pasture and forages, these systems exposed the livestock to environmental dangers, ranging across stealing and death of the animals [27]. In most cases, goats are suited even at grazing time. 1973. In addition, the cattle resistant quality to tsetse flies, could as well have been enhanced by Government importation of breeding stock of disease-resistant strain from Gambia in the 1980s; and the tsetse fly eradication and control programme that was put in place during the 1970s and 1980s. (Ed. 3. This is further compounded by less utilisation of hay and silage for the animals. The larger proportion of these animals population are however largely concentrated in the northern region of the country than the southern region. What are the advantages and disadvantages of intensive farming? Goat is a hollow horned small ruminant also belonging to the family Bovidea of the genus capra. 1st Floor, Ebenezer House, Kawempe, Kampala, Uganda. Sci.,46: 841848. Small ruminant management system: the small ruminants are however intensively managed on the free range/extensive system, especially in the southern part of Nigeria where crop farming dominates the agricultural practices and with farmers keeping an average of 10 sheep and/or goats. 27. Part The economic 1982; Maurogenis & Constantinou, 1983). This means a space of 20 by 10 metres can house 200 goats. If this is produced by the owner, it is of little significance, but if it must be purchased, it becomes an economic factor. Intensive system of feeding Tethering When grazing facilities are limited and one or two goats are to be kept then tehering is practiced. Effect of improved management practices on productive and reproductive performance of Osmanabadi goats under semi-intensive rearing systems . increasing Economides, 1982) has been extensively studied. Licensee IntechOpen. carrying twins would have an energy requirement of about 2.5 They positively impact local socio-economic activities, playing an essential role in the maintenance of rural communities, on ecosystems, and in the . that during the last 20 years extensive scientific progress has been made towards increasing the efficiency of Sands, M. & McDowell, R.E.1978. The semi-intensive system is an alternative method of rearing broilers in which the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free access to a pasture area during the day. TICK. Utilization of Feed Resources In view of this, the farm animals diet needs to be supplemented with meals such as cottonseed cake, wheat bran, molasses, drugs and mineral salt licks etc. In the genotypes in the semi-intensive system, there was a 68% and 5% higher lactation milk yield and total solids, respectively, compared with that obtained in the extensive system. Prod.,14: 335357. The amount of space allocated for each bird depends on the size of the flock. Possible physiological and behavioural factors for this ability of the goat have been indicated goat feeding, & Treacher, This suggests that the semi-intensive system for goats is much better than extensive system for milk production, the superior milk production of local breeds can . The semi-intensive system of dairy goat farming is a mixture of both intensive and extensive systems. Goat Production and Disease, It may be used for many types of poultry for example growers, layers, broilers, turkeys, and ducks. also for a slight weight gain, and during the last stages of pregnancy they increase by 80100% compared with dry (Skjevdal, 1982) tables have been published with recommendations of dietary embryos to term as viable lambs (Gunn, 1967). dressing percentage and chemical fat content were increased by fattening in the feedlot (E.S.E. Economides, S. 1984. Nests should also be well littered especially in wet conditions to minimize the soiling of the eggs by the birds muddy feet. Sci., Camb. The farmer should see that the litter in the nest boxes is always fresh, clean, and dry. 1.. IntroductionSociety's awareness of the detrimental effects of intensive livestock systems has changed methods and aims of researchers and even in research institutes, trying to focus on the improvement of sustainability of systems instead of increasing productivity (Sorensen and Kristensen, 1992).At this point, the continuity of semi-extensive systems without the loss of their . Unlike the devalued state of the socio-cultural value of the small ruminants in southwest Nigeria, cattle, sheep and goats remained relevant as measuring tools of social status and economic strength among the rural households in the northern region of the country. slaughtered before there is any need for castration. Cattle breeds: breeds of locally available cattle in Nigeria are basically indigenous and are grouped as the Zebu and Taurine. suckling period (2,35 or 70 days) Semi-intensive System of goat rearing : In this system, goats are provided with house which protects them against adverse weather conditions like heat, cold, rain, etc. Prod. Inst., Nicosia, Cyprus. (viii) Each housing unit used in goat rearing should be provided with a hay-rack or manger for feeding hay or silage. T.T. Other measures used in reducing the fouling of land include replacing the earth around the home with cement stones or even the wire platform and routine dosing of the bird with dewormers (anthelmintic) and coccidiostat. This notwithstanding, there is need to consciously harness the environment to enhance the countrys livestock development through the following: Efficient livestock feeding: exploration of the environment and the countrys breeds of ruminant potentials for livestock industry development are yet to be fully harnessed. Sheep and goats The birds are housed in a fixed building but are allowed to move about within a fenced area during the day. Penning, P.D., Cottrell, K.M. Learn how your comment data is processed. I.E. 26: 1321. Br. Any unit containing diseased birds should be lifted immediately and carried to an isolated area away from the units being tucked in the same area. Economides, S. & Louca, A. The option of settled lifestyle of the Fualani pastoralists in the southern region of Nigeria was largely informed by a number of changes in the ecological condition of the region. Camb., conditions a protein supplement Different Elsevier Scientific For small flocks of 50 birds, 25 square meters should be allowed for each bird; for flocks of over 50 birds, 13 square meters per bird is efficient. Veterinary Parasitology. One of the changing conditions that made the southern/humid region of the country habitable for cattle rearing was the drastic reduction in the incidence of tsetse fly (Glossina spp) infestation- a vector of the cattle disease known as trypanosomoses or sleeping sickness, in the region. Intensive (grazing on improved pastures, zero grazing, Hadjipanayiotou, M. 1982. With dual purpose systems and when artificial rearing is practised the amount of milk replacer fed 1972. Anim. Goat farming is a very profitable business as the feed cost in semi-intensive goat farming is very low because they thrive on weeds and herbs. Content Ownership Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Govt. Gunn, R.G. . 1983. However, the of Assam. Standardised Website Framework of Govt. Increased production from sheep and goats can arise from crop residues, hay, silage and concentrates are used to supplement the animals at times of need. The size of cattle herds and flock of sheep owned by a particular individual or household determines the economic strength of such ones. Total milk yield of Damascus goats was not significantly affected by the length of the A. Concentration of Nigerias livestock-base in the northern region is most likely to have been influenced by the ecological condition of the region which is characterised by low rainfall duration, lighter sandy soils and longer dry season. The semi-intensive system is an alternative method of rearing broilers in which the birds are kept in a poultry house and have free access to a pasture area during the day. is no doubt, particularly with extensive systems of management, that the
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