Sherief A. Ghozy, Like all impact metrics, vulnerable to gamification (e.g.. "[61][62], According to Mario Biagioli: "All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused. In a graphical analysis, the location of the outliers is readily compared to the location (and shape) of the inter-quartile range as a ready indicator of the degree of departure from typical behaviour. The median self-reference rate and the median self-citation rate for each ESI field are compared in Fig. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Annalen der Physik,18(9), 607621. Level of Evidence: 4 Copyright 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Data were analyzed with R software version 4.1.2 [10] using the packages (Rcmdr) [11] and (glm2) [12]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195773. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.) Or is the management of the journals also a problem? 2018; Baccini et al. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. Field normalized citation metrics are used to attempt to contextualize the citation rate of an article to the expected citation rate of other articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year. Correspondence to The influence of self-citation corrections and the fractionalised counting of multi-authored manuscripts on the Hirsch index. At least 2 years of . The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer, later to be followed by Google Scholar. A citation is a reference to a specific work cited in another work. (608) 262-2020 Using a negative regression model to analyze the entire data, Covid-19 papers have 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers when controlling for field and article number discrepancies. Viiu, G. A. Because of extreme skews, thresholds can only be indicative under any circumstances. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02017571. Any paper published in the 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same period. Thus, more funding opportunities are available at the researcher level for research that focuses on Covid-19. Journal of Informetrics,10(2), 552566. (2010). In doing this, we demonstrate the sharp contrast between citation rates for Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles published in 24 months during the rise and height of the global pandemic. We also thank an anonymous referee for their comments regarding the typicality of highly-cited researchers. The Frontiers Neuroscience journal series includes all Frontiers journals in the field of Neuroscience. Using information provided in Clarivate's 2020 Journal Citation Reports [] published on June 30, 2021, the top three journals by impact factor were selected from eight scientific categories as defined by WOS.Disciplines were selected based on the likelihood of having high relevancy to Covid-19 and, therefore, a sufficient volume of Covid-19-related papers in that field . In 2017 and 2018, 20.8% of PLOS publications and 12.2% of BMC publications provided DAS containing a link to data in a repository. A Cited Reference Search will provide the number of times a particular publication has been cited in the Web of Science database since its publication. The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on The total citation impact, mean citation impact and the factors contributing to 2-year and 5-year citation rate were established. A generalized view of self-citation: Direct, co-author, collaborative, and coercive induced self-citation. https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1235. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161021. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277700700207. We emphasize the labelling we use for these two because there is potential confusion in the terms self citing and self cited, which have been used elsewhere. We find that, across 24 open-access and subscription-based scientific journals, Covid-19 papers published in the past 2 years currently have a median citation rate of 120.79 compared to 21.63 for non-Covid-19 papers. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277500500403. Such reasons imply behaviors that conform both to Mertonian norms and also to the social constructivist interpretation of citation theory (Merton 1942; Kaplan 1965; Moravcsik and Murugesan 1975; Gilbert 1977; Cozzens 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; White 2001; Bornmann and Daniel 2008; Davis 2009; Erikson and Erlandson 2014; Tahamtan and Bornmann 2018, 2019; Aksnes et al. Scientometrics,113(2), 11991207. The field or subject area: t: Year: d: Document Type: n: The number of subjects to which a paper is assigned: i: . Note, however, that the expected rate of author self-citation for this group is likely to be lower than for researchers in general owing to the high levels of citation (Highly Cited Researchers are at the end of the distribution driven by the laws of cumulative advantage: Price 1976; van Raan 2008). Glnzel, W., Debackere, K., Thijs, B., & Schubert, A. No other fields accounted for significant difference in citation rates amongst Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers published within the same field. 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Kacem et al. The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Unusually, self-citations to highly cited papers are very high and actually exceed the self-referencing rates for all other fields. Evidence of complex citer motivations. The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on average, a paper from a Geosciences research field published in 2008 received 9.55 citations, and a paper from an Immunology research field published in 2008 received 20.42 citations. For all years, Microbiology papers in the 10% percentile received a minimum of 38 citations. In-text function of author self-citations: Implications for research evaluation practice. Article Heneberg, P. (2016). Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., DeVries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Relevant data are summarised for reference in Appendix Tables2 and 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277500500106. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://clarivate.libguides.com/incites_ba. The expected citation rate of articles in its co-citation network published in the same year is 6 citations per year. in the group. Jonathan Adams. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002. From one perspective, self-citation functions in the same way as any cited reference appended to a paper: it points to publications on which the present work depends, is related, or is positioned by the author. 3: Key Measures of Academic Influence | Impact of Social Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-1716-2. A negative binomial regression model was used to assess for potential confounding variables (Table 3). More recent studies include those of Glnzel and colleagues (Glnzel et al. A review of studies on citing behavior. Todeschini, R. & Baccini, A. The self-citation rate to highly cited papers is relatively consistent and mostly within a central range up to 10% self-citations. In addition, we expect these findings to shed light on the influence that the current influx of Covid-19 literature will have on Journal Impact Factor (JIF) in the years ahead. relatively few highly cited papers. There are thus two comparator metrics of self-citation activity (inward and outward citations from highly cited papers) for each author cluster. The distribution of the average percentage of references that were to self-papers and citations that were from self-papers for each Highly Cited Researcher was calculated. Scopus. The outcomes of analysis of citations to and from highly cited papers broadly concur. Journal of Higher Education,81(3), 366393. A percentile defines a fraction or subset of papers in a research field that received a minimum number of citations. Current Cap Rates for Apartments in the 50 Largest Multifamily Markets. The reasons for this require expert, informed interpretation but the degree to which this category may capture a series of small, isolated fields has been noted previously (Bensman et al. 2. Thus, we can consider the core referencing behaviour of the overall group of Highly Cited Researchers, as research leaders, to be in accordance with precedents previously established. https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.02948. Merton, R. K. (1942). Are sociologists publications uncited? Social Forces,74(2), 379422. 2), Log plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-citation to highly cited papers authored by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. San Jose, CA. Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Nature,497(7451), 557560. Accordingly, the average citation rate within the humanities is much higher when using other databases which cover the literature better, such as Google Scholar (Harzing & Alakangas, 2016). Some researchers also propose that the journal citation rate on Wikipedia, next to the traditional citation index, "may be a good indicator of the work's impact in the field of psychology. Journal of Information Science The citation advantage for open access - 5.161.154.99. Fields are ranked by median self-citation rate. The calculation of field normalized citation metrics depends on the type of metric you're using. Does co-authorship inflate the share of self-citations? Larivive, V., Gingras, Y., Sugimoto, C. R., & Tsou, A. The publication channels for many Highly Cited Researchers are the journals readily recognised as leading in their field, but this is not the case for some prolific self-citers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.12.004. That figure is close to the findings of many other researchers in the following five decades. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries? The time period for citation counts is 10 years, plus partial year counts for The average citation per article for these publications was 8.1. ), countries represented by the authors of the citing works, subject focus or discipline of the citing works. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021919228368. Looking at all categories and journals that were included, Covid-19 articles published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 are being cited at considerably higher rates than the non-Covid-19 papers. Campanario, J. M. (2011). Ladle, R. J., Todd, P. A., & Malhado, A. C. M. (2012). To examine this more closely, we randomly selected three journals included for this paper and manually searched each journals website for Covid-19-related articles that the journal itself had categorized as an original piece of research over three months. The linear analysis provides an accessible dataset for initial interpretation of citation rates. MLA Formatting Quotations - Purdue OWL - Purdue University 2). The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. Scientometrics,66(1), 7180. The CiteScore journal impact metric measures the average citations received in a four-year time window to selected documents published in the same four years. Cap Rates will be higher or lower for individual properties depending upon the size, class and location of the property within the MSA. Ramanathan D. Kadirvel. It's calculated by dividing the total number of citations received by all papers in the group (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers in the group. [23], Citations are distributed highly unequally among researchers. 2019; DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019; Ioannidis et al. Rousseau, R. (1999). Country over-citation ratios. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Contributed equally to this work with:
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