When using an azimuth, the point from which the azimuth originates is the center of an imaginary circle (Figure 6-2). See also: Latitude/Longitude Calculator. We can get a fair approximation by assuming the Earth is a sphere, in which case the azimuth is given by, A better approximation assumes the Earth is a slightly-squashed sphere (an oblate spheroid); azimuth then has at least two very slightly different meanings. Forward azimuth indicates the lines forward direction, and backward azimuth indicates the lines backward direction. [1], When the latitude and date are known, the bearing of the sun at sunrise or sunset relative to true north can be readily determined. This form is used in astronomy and defining latitude and longitude. When converting azimuths, exercise extreme care when adding and subtracting the G-M angle. The reference direction, stated first, is always north or south, and the turning direction, stated last, is east or west. If you plot your grid azimuth on a map and it reads (for example), 180 degrees (GAZ), and you know your local declination is 15 degrees East, and you wish to convert your GAZ to a MAZ, simply subtract the Declination of 15 degrees and you'll have a 165 MAZ, or 'magnetic' azimuth that you can use with your compass. atan2 input order. Thebearingof a point is the number of degrees in the angle measured in a clockwise direction from the north line to the line joining the centre of the compass with the point. [10], A novel approach, apparently originating with the Jesuit missionary Christoforo Borri, was to create charts that mapped points of equal magnetic declination. The position of magnetic north is governed by natural forces, but grid north is entirely artificial. endstream endobj 224 0 obj<. South-East Direction: Bearing = 180 Azimuth; Azimuth = 180 Bearing. 341.9 _______________ is a system of shared Values, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Norms (VBBN) that we use to cope with the world and each other, which is learned through interacting with others. To do this, you will need to subtract the declination angle from the magnetic azimuth. 0000004583 00000 n Olushola Olapade, Raffaele Romagnoli, Laura Vergani. (1) Orient the map on a flat surface by the terrain association method. The back azimuth of 180 may be stated as 0 or 360. Rotate the straightedge until the known position on the map is aligned with the known position on the ground. To obtain a back azimuth from an azimuth, add 180 degrees. Azimuths are also called a whole circle bearing system(W.C.B). It has two sights, diametrically opposite each other, through which the sun, planet or star is viewed. Figure 6-9. Declination diagram with arbitrary line. it's about the most effective and successful mineral exploration methods. If you are not sure where you can find the formulas it will always be down by the G-M angle. The azimuth, simply put, tells you which direction you need to point your compass to in order to reach your final point with the shortest distance. It is comparable to doing "about face." {\displaystyle (x,y)} Resection with map and compass. [3][b], The sights may consist of two vanes, one with a narrow slit and the other with a wider slit bisected by a thread. This calculator corrects for oblateness of the Earth. [3], An azimuth compass is a magnetic compass where the circumference of the card is divided into 360 degrees. Share it with your friends! Press ESC to cancel. Have students construct an azimuth-back azimuth line through each point until each end of the line hits a map margin. b. Azimuthsare defined as horizontal angles that are measured from the reference meridian in the clockwise direction. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Magnetic North. c. Field-Expedient Methods. "due east", is used instead. An azimuth is a special kind of geometric angle used chiefly in land navigation. There are 180 140 = 40 degrees between the South and the point, therefore the quadrantbearing is S40E. Azimuthsare used in compasssurveying, planesurveying, where it is generally measured from the north. This value is expressed to the nearest 1/2 degree, with mil equivalents shown to the nearest 10 mils. If a line has an azimuth of 150, its back azimuth would be 330. 0000000016 00000 n A protractor is used to measure the angle between grid north and the drawn line, and this measured azimuth is the grid azimuth (Figure 6-4). Moving clockwise on a 360 degree circle, east has azimuth 90, south 180, and west 270. In addition, the azimuth looking from Point B to Point A will not be the converse (90 degrees minus the azimuth) of the . To calculate azimuths about a traverse, it is necessary to obtain the back azimuth of a line. (b) To use a magnetic azimuth in the field with a compass, change the grid azimuth plotted on a map to a magnetic azimuth (Figure 6-14). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. There are two methods of intersection: the map and compass method and the straightedge method (Figures 6-16 and 6-17). If, instead of measuring from and along the horizon, the angles are measured from and along the celestial equator, the angles are called right ascension if referenced to the Vernal Equinox, or hour angle if referenced to the celestial meridian. c. Determine the magnetic azimuth from your location to the distant known point. To determine the azimuth and distance of two points on . Well trajectory planning is a mixture of many parameters but in the end it comes down to identifying the most optimum well path. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. b. Mil. Also, Read:Cinder Block Vs Concrete Block | What Is Cinder Blocks | What Is Concrete Blocks, Azimuths Surveying: Forward and Back Azimuths, Bearings Surveying:Forward and Back Bearings, Also, Read:Building Estimation Step by Step In Excel Sheet, Also, Read:What Is Fire Escape Staircases | Types of Fire Escaping Stairs | What Is the Importance of Fire Escape in the Building | What Are the Fire Staircase Requirements. b. In order to measure something, there must always be a starting point or zero measurement. Line or course on which something is moving or is aimed to move or along which something is pointing or facing. Tocalculatea backazimuth, simply add 180 to theazimuthof the line. Acacia wood is a very durable wood. you can still get a pretty accurate answer The word azimuth is used in all European languages today. When the lowest part of the sun is slightly more than half of the sun's diameter above the horizon, the center of the sun will in fact lie almost on the horizon. This is the same as changing a quadrant direction to an azimuth direction as explained in the Directional Drilling Math 1 Module. Therefore add 9 degrees to your compass reading. Converting to a grid azimuth on a map. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy. and a distance. Azimuths Surveying: Method of correcting the azimuth in surveying. (Try this with a string on a globe.) Azimuths Surveying Vs Bearings Surveying: Forward and Back, Computation of Azimuths and Bearing in Surveying, Designations of Azimuth and Bearings in Surveying, Types of Bearing Capacity Failures of Foundation | Bearing Capacity Definitions | Theory of Terzaghi & Bearing Capacity, Difference Between Whole Circle Bearing and Quadrantal Bearing | What Is WCB | What Is QB, What Is Leveling | 5 Different Types of Leveling Methods, What Is a Flight of Stairs | Types of Stairs | How Many Stairs in a Flight | Some Facts About Stairwells, Cinder Block Vs Concrete Block | What Is Cinder Blocks | What Is Concrete Blocks, Building Estimation Step by Step In Excel Sheet, What Is Fire Escape Staircases | Types of Fire Escaping Stairs | What Is the Importance of Fire Escape in the Building | What Are the Fire Staircase Requirements, Top 10 Best Cement Companies In India 2021, What Is Stone Masonry | Types of Stone Masonry, Tension Vs Compression | What Is Tension & Compression, What is BoQ | BoQ Meaning | Advantages of BoQ | What is BoM, Soak Pit Design | Health Aspects | Operation and Maintenance of Soak Pit | Applicability of Soak Pit Design, What Is Superelevation | Superelevation Definition | Superelevation Formula | Calculation of Superelevation in Roads, Brick Masonry | 6 Types of Bricks | Types of Brick Masonry Work | 4 Types of Brick Bond | 5 Classification of Bricks Based on Size Modification, North East Direction: Bearing equals Azimuth. That page performs the inverse calculation: it figures out . the bearing 150 degrees clockwise from north. In landsurveying, abearing is a clockwise or counterclockwise angle between north or south and a direction. -Expressed in degrees east or degrees west, -Is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north Also, Read:What Is Leveling | 5 Different Types of Leveling Methods. Direction : Bearing = Azimuth 180, Azimuth =Bearing + 180, North West Direction: Bearing = 360 Azimuth, Azimuth = 360 Bearing. Figure 6-19. Figure . angular difference between grid north and magnetic north. (c) Convert a grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth when the G-M angle is greater than a grid azimuth (Figure 6-12). This application was used to simulate different conditions by carrying out a sensitivity analysis of the various input parameters in the Software. . The approximate grid azimuth of a line is its geodetic azimuth minus the convergence. &Kzv? This north base line could be true north, magnetic north, or grid north. For example, if a line has an azimuth of 75, its back azimuth would be 255. You will find that every zone in a State Plane coordinate system has a central meridian. Tocalculate azimuthsabout a traverse, it is necessary to obtain the backazimuthof a line. For example, if the magnetic azimuth is 120 degrees and the declination angle is 10 degrees, the grid azimuth. The declination diagram is used for these conversions. It gives information needed to convert grid azimuth (on the map) to magnetic azimuth (for your compass). (5) Repeat 3 and 4 using a second known position. Issue 12 - July 2015 covers the following: Borehole navigation techniques The forgotten sonde (formation dipmeter). For example, thebearing of A from B is 065. Declination is calculated using the most recent World Magnetic Model (WMM) or the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model. Place protractor onthe map, ensuring that it is correctly oriented. What is the formula for calculating solute potential? The line is measured either from the north or south towards east or west that would give an angle less than 360 degrees. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. An arc indicated y a dashed line connects the prongs for the true north and grid north -The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrative provides a magnetic field calculator to calculate declination. (c) Keeping the index at this point, align the 0- to 180-degree line of the protractor on the vertical grid line. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. User Guide, THE AMERICAN PRACTICAL NAVIGATOR AN EPITOME OF NAVIGATION ORIGINALLY BY, Wellbore Path Estimation Using Measurement While Drilling Techniques: A Comparative Study and Suggestions for Improvements, UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Real Time Torque and Drag Analysis during Directional Drilling, Designing Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction Systems with Integrated Knowledge Representation Schemes, Geology and Geophysics in oil Exploration -by : Mahmoud Ahmed sroor. : The University of Akron, Ohio Ensure this line is at least 2 inches long and facilitate use of the protractor For 1590 to 1900 the calculator is based on the gufm1 model. 7 When to use 34 degrees 24 minutes 16 seconds? Toconvert angleofbearing to degreesof a standardangle, subtract thebearing anglefrom 90. Movement order of briefing should include as a minimum the . [7], Meridional azimuth compasses included a universal equatorial sundial. For example, if a line has an azimuth of 75, its back azimuth would be 255. There are have many steps for the fix to damaged roof shingles thats are below- At first, we have to slip the pry under the damaged shingle,, Read More How to Fix Damaged Roof Shingles | How Often Should You Replace Your Roof Shingles | Replacing Roof ShinglesContinue, What Is the Penetration Test? Like this post? Figure 6-13. That page performs the inverse calculation: it figures out the coordinates A bearing is normally calculated in a clockwise direction starting from a reference direction of 0 and increasing to 359.9 degrees in land navigation. If the line ADs azimuth is 230 degrees, the backward azimuth is 230 180 = 50 degrees. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Draw a line between these points. (6) Repeat 3, 4, and 5 for a second position and a third position, if desired. It is often parallel to true north. The G-M angle is important to the map reader/land navigator because azimuths translated between map and ground will be in error by the size of the declination angle if not adjusted for it. TETETETFTFTF, 40717017\begin{array}{lll} \hspace{4cm} 407 & 170 & 17\end{array} ) Share This Article. The magnetic amplitude refers to the arc from the object's projection on the horizon to the magnetic east or west. (c) Convert a magnetic azimuth when the G-M angle is greater than the magnetic azimuth (Figure 6-15). Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction, Torge & Mller (2012) Geodesy, De Gruyter, eq.6.70, p.248, Geographical distance Ellipsoidal-surface formulae, EnglishWordsOfArabicAncestry.wordpress.com, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azimuth&oldid=1151910428, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 April 2023, at 00:41. A back azimuth is calculated by adding 180 to the azimuth when the azimuth is less than 180, or by subtracting 180 from the azimuth if it is more than 180. When using the straightedge method (Figure 6-19). To convert grid azimuth to magnetic azimuth, take your grid azimuth (the one on you find on your map) and subtract the G-M angle if the G-M angle is easterly. Azimuth is usually measured in degrees (). A method of locating or plotting an unknown position from a known point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction line is called polar coordinates. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. 4. you are in the world. Convert an azimuth into a back azimuth, a, magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth and a grid azimuth to a, Convert grid azimuths to magnetic azimuth, convert, magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth, convert azimuth to back. What is Rate Analysis? [4] The other is altitude, sometimes called elevation above the horizon. 6 How do you convert magnetic azimuth to grid azimuth? Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy. There are exceptions: some navigation systems use south as the reference vector. The user should be able to determine whether the initial azimuth reading was correct. The azimuth is the angle between the north vector and the star's vector on the horizontal plane.[2]. For example, if an azimuth is 320, the back azimuth would be 320 - 180 = 140. Modified resection is the method of locating one's position on the map when the person is located on a linear feature on the ground, such as a road, canal, or stream (Figure 6-20). c. Grid Convergence. (5) Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth. It's a question that I just can't figure on my own, so I need a little help with this. this calculator determines the azimuth (compass direction) and distance In some cases, there are no declination conversion notes on the margin of the map; it is necessary to convert from one type of declination to another. It is often recommended to state the comparison meridian before beginning surveying actions to avoid future misunderstandings. It is an arc, indicated by a dashed line, that connects the grid-north and magnetic-north prongs. [14] He supplied an azimuth compass designed by Gowin Knight to Joseph Banks for the voyage of HMSResolution commanded by Captain James Cook in 1772. The most common unit of measure is the degree () with its subdivisions of minutes (') and seconds ("). e. Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. The back azimuth would be 40 degrees plus 180 degrees, which equals 220 degrees. This thesis investigates the concept of directional drilling , its application coupled with the derivation of mathematical equations built using trigonometry functions to code for the type 1 (j well) profile, and finally a graphic user interface (gui) integrated developer program was used to build a desktop application called WELLPLANNER based on the algorithm generated. This is read as 34 degrees 24 minutes 16 seconds. United States Marine Corps (USMC) Operat, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. This protractor represents the azimuth circle. See also: Latitude/Longitude Calculator. Read the grid azimuth from the degree scale. True North. azimuth, irrespective of grid or magnetic azimuth. using a protractor, draw a line for the back azimuth on the map from the known position back toward your unknown position. A back azimuth is the opposite direction of an azimuth. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. (2) Identify two or three known distant locations on the ground and mark them on the map. Find a distant point that can be identified on the ground and on the map. Identifies all relief features and elevation, such as contours on older edition maps, and cultivated land on red-light readable maps. To convert degrees to mils, multiply degrees by 17.78. c. Grad. The shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere is an arc, not a line. As the drilling operation have very high standards of execution, a good drilling operation depends on a good well plan. [2] Tocalculate azimuthscounter-clockwise around a traverse: Add the interior angle to the backazimuth of the preceding line. Describe the map features identified by the following colors: Blue. When an azimuth is plotted on a map between point A (starting point) and point B (ending point), the points are joined together by a straight line. An azimuth (/ z m / (); from Arabic: , romanized: as-sumt, lit. Voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were trapped in fields in southern Indiana and genotyped for a locus that encodes transferrin (a blood protein). Second: Calculate the Grid North (GN) direction. For example, a celestial body due North has anazimuth of 0, one due East 90, one due South 180 and one due West 270. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 223 0 obj <> endobj 0000093801 00000 n Easterly GM Angle: SUBTRACT, Westerly GM Angle: SUBTRACT If South, it is negative. Yet another design has a magnifying glass on one vane that focuses the rays of the sun on the opposite vane. Describe the map features identified by the following colors: Green. x (f) The inclusion of the true-north prong in relationship to the conversion is of little importance. c. weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases. To express direction as a unit of angular measure, there must be a starting point or zero measure and a point of reference These two points designate the base or reference line. (4) Convert the magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth. If the G-M angle is westerly, then you will add the grid azimuth by the G-M angle. trailer y 0000000935 00000 n When to use 34 degrees 24 minutes 16 seconds? Recall that if F\mathbf{F}F is a force, the integral gives the work done in a displacement. The resistance is, Read More What Is the Penetration Test | What Is SPT Test | Procedure of SPT Test | Advantages andDisadvantages of SPT TestContinue, Your email address will not be published. 0000001114 00000 n Bearingsare usually given as a three-figurebearing. (6) The intersection of the lines on the map is the location of the unknown point (C). 0000001372 00000 n If the sun is observed at some time between sunrise and sunset, its altitude must also be recorded to calculate the true azimuth. When used as a celestial coordinate, the azimuth is the horizontal direction of a star or other astronomical object in the sky. (3) Note that the protractor is cut at both the top and bottom by the same north-south grid line. Describe the map features identified by the following colors: Red. [4][a] The most commonly used are magnetic and grid. The star is the point of interest, the reference plane is the local area (e.g. To convert a grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth, subtract the GM angle. With the iron vessels introduced in the 19th century the azimuth compass would be mounted on a pedestal at a neutral point where the readings would not be affected by magnetism of the vessel. Use a negative value for points beneath sea level. Magnetic readings are obtained with magnetic instruments, such as lensatic and M2 compasses. Azimuths are used in compass and aircraft surveying. b. strong bonds between nitrogenous bases and the sugar-phosphate backbone. Add 180 degrees if the azimuth is 180 degrees or less; subtract 180 degrees if the azimuth is 180 degrees or more. The colors red and brown are combined on red-light readable maps to identify cultural features, all relief features, non-surveyed spot elevations, and elevations such as contour lines. There is a wide variety of azimuthal map projections. (3) Lay a straight edge on the map with one end at the user's position (A) as a pivot point; then, rotate the straightedge until the unkown point is sighted along the edge. The grad is a metric unit of measure found on some foreign maps. In Cartesian coordinate systems, whether known as State Plane, Universal Transverse Mercator, a local assumed system or any other, the direction to north . (2) Without Notes. The distance is defined as the length of the straight line between the points, The grid azimuth can now be converted into a magnetic azimuth because the grid azimuth is now larger than the G-M angle. To calculate a back azimuth, simply add 180 to the azimuth of the line. The direction will shift from N or S to S or N, and from E or W to W or E. The confusion for us may be that you're mixing corrections and . Bearings Surveying:Method of correcting the bearing in surveying. Do not use the diagram to measure a numerical value. The Azimuth Calculator is an incredibly simple tool you can use to determine the azimuth between two specific points on earth. If the bearing happens to be exactly in the direction of one of the cardinal points, a different notation, e.g. a. the attraction of phosphate groups for each other. If the forward azimuth is much less than 180, the backward azimuth is calculated by adding 180 to the forward azimuth. Refer to Chapter 9, paragraph 4, for details. An original azimuth of 265 degrees (>180) will have a back azimuth of 85 degrees. It determines the direction of the celestial body. Ninety degrees corresponds to east, 180 degrees is south, 270 degrees is west, and 360 degrees and 0 degrees mark north. 1. A glance at the completed diagram shows whether the given azimuth or the desired azimuth is greater, and thus whether the known difference between the two must be added or subtracted. A special case of an azimuth angle is the angle in polar coordinates of the component of the vector in the xy-plane, although this angle is normally measured in radians rather than degrees and denoted by rather than . ( 4. This can be compared to the true azimuth obtained by astronomical observation to determine the magnetic declination, the amount by which the reading of a ship's compass must be adjusted to obtain an accurate reading. 'the directions')[1] is an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system. What is the purpose of a declination diagram? (3) The G-M angle diagram should be constructed and used each time the conversion of azimuth is required. To obtain a back azimuth from an azimuth, add 180degrees if the azimuth is 180 degrees or less, or subtract 180 degrees if the azimuth is 180degrees or more (Figure 6-3). The direction to the north magnetic pole, as indicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic instrument. The calculator adds or subtracts input values from the running total in the top window. This theoretical horizon refers to the horizon if the earth were perfectly smooth with no landforms to distort the measurement. The main objectives in a successful drilling operation is to construct safe and economically efficient wells, but this success depends on hitting the target. For mils, if the azimuth is less than 3200mils, add 3200 mils, if the azimuth is more than 3200 mils, subtract 3200 mils. All of them divide the circle into units of angular measure, and each has a scale around the outer edge and an index mark. 0000001670 00000 n Which is the correct way to calculate your back azimuth? All lines of longitude are true north lines. As you get closer to the equator, Convert the grid azimuth to a back azimuth. Several field-expedient methods to determine direction are discussed in Chapter 9, paragraph 5. Figure 6-12. A saddle is a dip or low point between two areas of higher ground, A valley is a stretched-out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or rivers, A depression is a low point in the ground or a sinkhole, A draw is a less developed stream course than a valley, A spur, or finger, is a short, continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge, A cliff is a vertical or near vertical feature; it is an abrupt change of the land, A cut is a man-made feature resulting from cutting through raised ground, usually to form a level bed for a road or railroad track, A fill is a man-made feature resulting from filling a low area, usually to form a level bed for a road or railroad track, 101. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The instrument is aligned with the sun when the shadow of the thread falls on the vertical bar. Declination is the angular difference between any two norths. y 3. Since 0 degree is the same as 360 degrees, then 2 degrees is the same as 362 degrees. As per the map diagram, to convert a magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth, you substract the gm angle. Azimuths Surveying Vs Bearings Surveying: Types of Azimuth in Surveying, 3. More specifically, it is the horizontal angle from a cardinal direction, most commonly north. In surveying,bearings can be referenced to true north, magnetic north, grid north (the Y-axis of a map projection), or a previous map, which is often a historical magnetic north. Typically the compass will have a stop in the side of the box, which the observer pushes when the sun is lined up in the sights. The military protractor, GTA 5-2-12, contains two scales: one in degrees (inner scale) and one in mils (outer scale). The straight edge method is used when a compass is not available. Magnetic Azimuth. Bot. This north base line could be true north, magnetic north, or grid north. Azimuths are used in compass surveying and aircraft surveying and are typically measured from its north. Identifies hydrography or water features such as lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage. See the, I created this tool to help understand the directionality of the magnetic loop The altitude is how many degrees above (if positive) or below (if negative) the horizon Bearing is defined as the acute angle that is measured between the reference meridian and the given line. We are standing at latitude Convert a grid azimuth of 264 to a magnetic azimuth. (c) Examine the declination diagram on the map and determine the direction of the magnetic north (right-left or east-west) relative to that of the grid-north prong. ignoring the Earth's curvature. Determine the grid coordinates to the desired accuracy. If you end up with a negative answer, add 360, and if your answer is greater than 360, subtract 360 from it. Select and give grid coordinates for three points on the map; list azimuths to be followed in the construction of a line through each point. Tocalculate azimuthsclockwise around a traverse: Subtract the interior angle from the backazimuthof the preceding line. \quad CF=[y3,x3+ey,0].C the circle x2+y2=4,z=0x^2+y^2=4, z=0x2+y2=4,z=0. An azimuth thruster in shipbuilding is a propeller that can be rotated horizontally. A circle equals 6400 mils divided by 360 degrees, or 17.78 mils per degree. x There are two methods of correcting the bearing affected by local attraction: Also, Read:What Is a Flight of Stairs | Types of Stairs | How Many Stairs in a Flight | Some Facts About Stairwells. A protractor is used to measure the angle between grid north and the drawn line, and this measured azimuth is the grid azimuth, This is determined y using magnetic instruments such as a lensatic and M2 Compasses, 1. (2) Locate and mark your position on the map. The grad is divided into 100 centesimal minutes (centigrads) and the minute into 100 centisemal seconds (miligrads). Normal-section azimuth is the angle measured at our viewpoint by a theodolite whose axis is perpendicular to the surface of the spheroid; geodetic azimuth (or geodesic azimuth) is the angle between north and the ellipsoidal geodesic (the shortest path on the surface of the spheroid from our viewpoint to Point 2). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.
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